Endnotes

[1] Adrian Wooldridge, “Come Back, Company Man!” The New York Times (March 5, 2000), Section 6, p. 82, and “Career Evolution,” The Economist (January 29, 2000). See also Philip Evans and Thomas Wurster, Blown to Bits: How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy, (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000), p. 209.

[2] Analee Sexnian, Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), p. 35.

[3] Testimony from Michael Cox, chief economist, Dallas Federal Reserve to e-Texas Commission, Austin, Texas, July 20, 2000.

[4] Susan N. Houseman, “Flexible Staffing Arrangements,” Futurework: Trends and Challenges for Work in the 21^st Century (US Department of Labor, August 1999) (http://www.dol.gov/dol/asp/public/futurework/conference/staffing/exec_s.htm). (Internet document.)

[5] Anita U. Hattiangadi, “Upgrading Workplace Skills” (Employment Policy Foundation, April 10, 2000), p. 2 (http://www.epf.org/backg/2000/ib20000410.html). (Internet document.)

[6] Employment Policy Foundation, Issue Backgrounder (Washington, DC, April 10, 2000), p. 4.

[7] Anthony P. Carnevale, “Beyond Consensus: Much Ado about Job Training,” Brookings Review (Fall 1999), pp. 40, 42.

[8] Interview with Ron Lehman, commissioner, Texas Workforce Commission, Austin, Texas, January 13, 2000.

[9] Telephone interview with Sheila Pancratz, South Texas Tech Prep, Laredo, Texas, January 20, 2000.

[10] Texas Education Agency, Pocket Edition, 1998-99 Texas Public School Statistics (http://www.tea.state.tx.us/perfreport/pocked/99/panel2.html). (Internet document.)

[11] Telephone interview with Rodney Bradshaw, executive director, Gulf Coast Workforce Development Board, Houston, Texas, January 24, 2000.

[12] Texas Council on Workforce and Economic Competitiveness, Texas Workforce Development Strategic Plan September 1, 1999-August 31, 2004 (Austin, Texas, November 18, 1999), p. 17; Texas Workforce Commission, Legislative Appropriations Request for Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001 (Austin, Texas, September 29, 1998), pp. 51, 58, 62, 79; and Texas Workforce Commission, Labor Market Information, “Unemployment Rates” (http://www.twc.state.tx.us/lmi/lfs/type/unemployment/unemploymentstatewidecurrent.html). (Internet document.)

[13] American Management Association, “More than One-Third of Job Applicants Deficient in Reading & Math Skills, Says American Management Association Survey,” April 12, 1999 (http://www.amanet.org/research/specials/skillshrt.htm). (Internet document.)

[14] National Association of Manufacturers, “The NAM Annual Labor Day Report,” September 1, 1999 (http://www.nam.org/Search/DetailIssue.asp?ID=725&Type=NamTrak). (Internet document.)

[15] Telephone interview with John Stephens, executive director, Texas Businesses Education Coalition, December 13, 1999.

[16] Robert I. Lerman and Felicity Skidmore, Helping Low-Wage Workers: Policies for the Future (Urban Institute, Washington, DC, August 1999), p. 6 (http://www.dol.gov/dol/asp/public/futurework/conference/low-wage.htm). (Internet document.)

[17] Lauren Thierry, “Greenspan Commenting on Effects of Technology, CNNfn” Market Coverage Show, April 7, 2000.

[18] Douglas Braddock, “Occupation Employment Projections to 2008,” pp. 75-77, Texas Workforce Commission Labor Market Information projections of occupational growth 1998-2008 (http://204.65.3.20/lmi/tracer/). (Internet document.) Educational requirements by OES code, provided by Texas Workforce Commission Labor Market Information Staff.

[19] Texas-specific information is based on Texas Workforce Commission occupational projections and US Department of Labor assessments of the education required for different occupations.

[20] “Working Hard but Staying Poor,” Heldrich Work Trends Survey, v. 1.3 (Summer 1999), p. 4 (http://www.heldrich.rutgers.edu/news_02.html). (Internet document.)

[21] The Corporate University Xchange, “Annual Survey of Corporate University Future Directions” (1999). (http://www.learningestore.com/corpu.). (Internet document.)

[22] Randy Corbin, account manager, Cisco Systems, testimony before an e-Texas hearing in College Station, Texas, February 2000 (http://www.e-texas.org/education/mt0202cs.html). (Internet document.)

[23] Anthony P. Carnevale, “Beyond Consensus: Much Ado about Job Training,” Brookings Review (Fall 1999), pp. 40-42.

[24] In a 1995 BLS survey, 90 percent of employees with a bachelor’s degree or higher degree reported receiving formal training in a 12-month period, while only 60 percent of employees with a high school diploma or less had done so. In addition, persons with more education received more hours of training than those with less education. Those with a bachelor’s degree or more received 48 hours in formal and informal training, compared to 36 hours for those with a high school education or less. Harley Frazis, Maury Gittleman, Michael Horrigan, and Mary Joyce, “Results from the 1995 Survey of Employer-Provided Training,” Monthly Labor Review (June 1998), p. 10.

[25] Howard N. Fullerton, Jr., “Labor Force Participation: 75 Years of Change, 1950-1998 and 1998-2025,” Monthly Labor Review (December 1999), p. 4, Table 1 (http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1999/12/art1abs.htm). (Internet document.)

[26] Howard N. Fullerton, Jr., “Labor Force Participation: 75 years of Change, 1950-1998 and 1998-2025,” p. 10.

[27] US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Productivity and Costs,” March 7, 2000 (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/prod2.03072000.news). (Internet document.)

[28] US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Productivity and Costs,” March 7, 2000 (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/prod2.03072000.news). (Internet document.)

[29] Michelle Conlin and Peter Coy, “The Wild New Workforce,” Business Week (December 6, 1999), p. 40.

[30] Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employee Tenure in 2000,” Table 1 (August 29, 2000) (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.nr01.htm). (Internet document.)

[31] US Department of Labor, Futurework: Trends and Challenges for Work in the 21^st Century, (Washington, DC, September 1, 1999), p. 90.

[32] Institute of Management and Administration, “High Turnover Among Hourly Staff Prompts Greater Use of Incentives,” by Laime Vaitkus, Report on Hourly Compensation, July 1999 (http://www.ioma.com/nls/9907/hc.shtml). (Internet document.)

[33] Susan N. Houseman, “Flexible Staffing Arrangements,” Futurework: Trends and Challenges for Work in the 21^st Century, Executive Summary, p. 2.

[34] Jude T. Rich, “Future Compensation Shock,” Compensation and Benefits Review (November /December 1996), pp. 27-33.

[35] Howard Risher, “Compensating Today’s Technical Professional,” Research Technology Management (January 2000), pp. 50-56.

[36] US Department of Labor, Futurework: Trends and Challenges for Work in the 21^st Century, p. vi.

[37] Interview with Mike Sheridan, former Executive Director, Texas Workforce Commission, Austin, Texas, July 27, 2000.

[38] Texas Workforce Commission, Texas Workforce Commission Marketing Strategy: Volume One, by Angelou Economic Advisors, Inc., (Austin, Texas, 1999), pp. 13, 20.

[39] Interview with Ron Lehman, commissioner, Texas Workforce Commission, Austin, Texas, July 26, 1999.

[40] Telephone interview with Rodney Bradshaw, Human Resource Manager, Houston-Galveston Area Council of Government, Houston, Texas, January 24, 2000.

[41] Telephone interview with Mary Ross, executive director, Abilene Workforce Development Board, Abilene, Texas, October 19, 1999.

[42] Interview with Ron Lehman, Texas Workforce Commissioner, Austin, Texas, July 26, 1999.

[43] They create strategic plans, contract with training providers, and monitor the results.

[44] This conflict was highlighted for both TWC and the boards during the strategic planning process. The local boards were directed by TWC to develop plans for operating the various workforce programs in their region to meet the needs of their local businesses and labor force. Some boards spent a lot of time and energy discussing, debating, and crafting language in their plans to create an honest and meaningful guidance document that reflected their vision and mission. However, TWC returned these plans to the boards mandating the use of specific phrases and the elimination of others. The boards were clearly angry and demoralized. Comments made by Linda Davis at a meeting of Local Workforce Development Chairs and Executives, Austin, Texas, October 25, 1999; also, telephone interview with Mary Ross, executive director, Austin, Texas, October 19, 1999.

[45] Interview with Mike Sheridan, Austin, Texas, July 25, 2000.

[46] Interview with Bob McPherson, Ray Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resources, Austin, Texas, October 18, 1999.

[47] Interview with Dr. Bob Glover, Ray Marshall Center for Study of Human Resources, Austin, Texas, September 17, 1999.

[48] Telephone interview with Barbara Pardue, executive director, Arkansas Economic Development Commission, Little Rock, Arkansas, June 14, 2000.

[49] Workforce 202 Conference Proceedings, “Session 13: Labor Market Intelligence System,” (September 24, 1998). (http://www.hudson.org/wf2020/wp98/index.html). (Internet document.)

[50] Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, “Sharpening Soft Skills,” Fiscal Notes (February 2000) (http://www.window.state.tx.us/comptrol/fnotes/fn0002/fna.html#sharpening). (Internet document.)

[51] Douglas Braddock, “Occupation Employment Projections to 2008,” Monthly Labor Review (November 1999), pp. 75-77 (http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1999/11/art5abs.htm). (Internet document.)

[52] Texas Education Agency, Texas State Plan for Adult Education and Family Literacy, July 1, 1999 through June 30, 2004 (Austin, Texas, April 12, 1999), p. 6; and US Department of Commerce, US Department of Education, US Department of Labor, National Institute of Literacy, and the Small Business Administration, 21^st Century Skills for 21^st Century Jobs (Washington, DC, January 1999), p. 19.

[53] The UI system needs restructuring in order to encourage savings, personal responsibility, and choice for the workers. Instead of a massive, one-size-fits-all system (which often works out to a one-size-fits-none or -few system) in 2010, there should be of personalized Unemployment Savings Accounts (USAs) that remain the property of the workers whose wages go into them, but which are professionally managed by certified plan administrators.

Each state would be allowed to adopt its own system whereby each employee makes a regular deposit from pre-tax income into a personalized, individual Unemployment Savings Account (similar to an IRA or 401k plan) to draw upon whenever and in whatever manner necessary, whether in times of joblessness or for retirement income, and which in the meantime accumulates interest at market rates of return under the guidance of a certified plan administrator. Upon retirement, any unused balance would be available to supplement any other retirement income the employee might have.

e-Texas is an initiative of Carole Keeton Rylander, Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts
Post Office Box 13528, Capitol Station
Austin, Texas

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