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Endnotes
[1] Interview with Elvis Jackson, inmate, Wackenhut’s Lockhart Secure Program Facility, Lockhart, Texas, March 9, 2000.
[2] Interview with Blaine Nabors, inmate, Wackenhut’s Lockhart Secure Program Facility, Lockhart, Texas, March 9, 2000.
[3] Correction Industries Association, PIE Certification Program (1999)(http://www.corrections.com/industries/cia/PIE.html). (Internet document.)
[4] Testimony to e-Texas Commission meeting, Austin, Texas, July 20, 2000.
[5] Correctional Industries Association, PIE Certification Program (1999) (http://www.corrections.com/industries/cia/PIE.html). (Internet document.)
[6] Correctional Industries Association, Listing of Certified Prison Industry Enhancement Programs (Baltimore, Maryland, December 31, 1999).
[7] Correctional Industries Association, PIE Certification Program (1999). (http://www.corrections.com/industries/cia/PIE.html); and Correctional Industries Association, “Total Cumulative PIE Data: 1979 through 1st Quarter 1999,” PIE Certification Program (1999) (http://www.corrections.com/industries/cia/totalpiedata.html). (Internet documents.)
[8] Testimony at e-Texas Commission meeting, Austin, Texas, July 20, 2000.
[9] Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Uniform Crime Reporting Program Preliminary Annual Report,” Washington, DC, May 7, 2000 (http://www.fbi.gov/pressrm/pressrel/pressrel00/99prelan.htm). (Internet document.)
[10] Texas Legislature, Seventy-sixth Session, House Bill 1 (General Appropriations Act) (Austin, Texas, Telephone 1999), p. V-71.
[11] Telephone interview with Andrew Hurn, executive assistant, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Austin, Texas, September 7, 2000.
[12] “Full House: Growing Inmate Population has Lawmakers Scrambling for Alternate Solutions,” Dallas Morning News (April 9, 2000).
[13] Criminal Justice Policy Council, Sourcebook of Texas Adult Justice Population Statistics, 1988-1998 (Austin, Texas, November 1999), p. 96 (http://www.cjpc.state.tx.us/Thesourcebook.pdf). (Internet document.)
[14] Criminal Justice Institute, Inc., The Corrections Yearbook 1998 (Middletown, Connecticut, February 1998), p. 91.
[15] Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, “Juveniles Doing Time at a Cost,” Fiscal Notes (Austin, Texas, May 1999), p. 1 (http://www.window.state.tx.us/comptrol/fnotes/fn9905/fna.html#juveniles); and Criminal Justice Policy Council, Statistical Tables on Recidivism Rates (Austin, Texas, January 5, 2000), p. 5 (http://www.cjpc.state.tx.us/stattabsrecidivismrates.html). (Internet documents.)
[16] Criminal Justice Policy Council, Oranges to Oranges: Comparing the Operational Costs of Juvenile and Adult Correctional Programs in Texas (Austin, Texas, January 1999), p. 45 (http://www.cjpc.state.tx.us/CPD97DOC.pdf). (Internet document.)
[17] Criminal Justice Policy Council, Sourcebook of Texas Adult Justice Population Statistics, 1988-1998, p. 77.
[18] Criminal Justice Policy Council, Update in Statewide Recidivism Rates of Offenders Released from Texas Prisons (Austin, Texas, September 6, 2000), p. 2.
[19] National Center for Policy Analysis, Crime and Punishment in America: 1999, by Morgan O. Reynolds (Dallas, Texas, October 1999); and National Center for Policy Analysis, Policy Backgrounder No. 148, Does Punishment Deter?, by Morgan O. Reynolds (Dallas, Texas, August 17, 1998) (http://www.ncpa.org/ba/ba101.html). (Internet document.); Daniel Kessler and Steven D. Lavit, “Using Sentence Enhancements to Distinguish Between Deterence and Incapacitation,” Journal of Law and Economics (University of Chicago Law School, April 1999); and Isaac Ehrlich and Zhiquiang Liu, “Sensitivity Analyses of the Deterence Hypothesis: Let’s Keep the Econ in Econometrics,” Journal of Law and Economics (University of Chicago Law School, April 1999).
[20] Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Texas Performance Review, Breaking the Mold (Austin, Texas, July, 1991), Volume 2, Part II, PS 13.
[21] “Morgan Quitno Press’ 6th Annual Safest City Award: ‘Most Dangerous’ Rank Order,” Morgan Quitno Press (Lawrence, Kansas, November 22, 1999) (http://www.morganquitno.com/cit00dang.htm). (Internet document.)
[22] “Rankings of States in Most Dangerous/Safest State Awards 1994 to 2000,” Morgan Quitno Press (Lawrence, Kansas, April 20, 2000) (http://www.morganquitno.com/dang9400.htm). (Internet document.)
[23] “Overall Crime Drops in Texas, But Robberies, Assaults Up Slightly,” Dallas Morning News (June 15, 2000).
[24] US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Courts Program Office, Looking at a Decade of Drug Courts (Washington, DC: American University, 1999), p. 3.
[25] US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Courts Programs Office, Drug Court Activity Update: Composite Summary Information (Washington, DC: American University, February 29, 2000).
[26] US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Courts Program Office, Looking at a Decade of Drug Courts (Washington, DC: American University, 1999), p. 3.
[27] American University, OJP Drug Court Clearinghouse and Technical Assistance Project, Drug Court Activity Update: Composite Summary Information (February 29, 2000), p. 1.
[28]US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Court Clearinghouse and Technical Assistance Project at American University, Looking at a Decade of Drug Courts (Washington, DC, 1993), p. 8.
[29] US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Courts Program Office, Looking at a Decade of Drug Courts (Washington, DC: American University, 1999), p. 8.
[30] Robert M. Clayton, “Missouri’s Experience with Drug Courts,” Spectrum: The Journal of State Government (Winter 1999), pp. 30-32.
[31] Superior Court, San Diego County, The Dependency Court Recovery Project, by James R. Milliken (San Diego, California, May 2000), p. 8.
[32] US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Courts Program Office, Looking at a Decade of Drug Courts, p. 14.
[33] US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Courts Program Office, Looking at a Decade of Drug Courts, p. 11.
[34] “Stop Crime Where it Starts,” John J. DiIulio, Jr., New York Times (July 31, 1996) (http://www.brook.edu/views/op-ed/diiulio/19960731.htm). (Internet document.)
[35] Peter L. Benson, Gary Walker, Why the Five Fundamental Resources Matter: A Reassessment of the Evidence (America’s Promise, April 27, 1998) (http://63.98.236.133/FivePromises/whymatter.cfm). (Internet document.)
[36] John J. DiIulio, Jr., “Stop Crime Where it Starts.”
[37] Peter L. Benson, Gary Walker, Why the Five Fundamental Resources Matter: A Reassessment of the Evidence.
[38] Boys and Girls Clubs of America, “Louis Harris Survey Reveals: 52% of Alumni Say ‘Boys & Girls Club Saved My Life,’” (September 15, 1999). (Press release.) (http://www.bgca.org/news/19990915_harrissurvey.asp). (Internet document.)
[39] Texas Youth Commission, “Texas Young Offender Recidivism Rates Improve” (Austin, Texas, March 23, 1998). (Press release.) (http://www.tyc.state.tx.us/archive/Press/032398_recidvsm.html). (Internet document.)
[40] Texas Youth Commission, 1999 Review of Agency Treatment Effectiveness (Austin, Texas, 1999), Executive Summary, p. ii.
[41] Bureau of Justice Statistics, Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons (Washington, DC, January 1999), pp. 2-10 (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/tssp.pdf). (Internet document.)
[42] Criminal Justice Policy Council, “Statistical Tables On Parole And Time Served” (Austin, Texas, 1999), p. 1. (http://www.cjpc.state.tx.us/stattabsparoleandtimeserved.html). (Internet document.), and “State’s Prisons Pushing Capacity,” Austin American Statesman (August 25, 2000).
[43] Criminal Justice Policy Council, Sourcebook of Texas Adult Justice Population Statistics, 1988-1998, p. 62.
[44] Letter from Charles J. Hynes, Office of the District Attorney, Kings County, New York, to Congressman Asa Hutchinson, January 7, 2000.
[45] “Ambitious Plan to Cut Drug Use in Half,” Naples Daily News (August 29, 1999) (http://www.naplesnews.com/today/florida/d266816a.htm). (Internet document.)
[46]Center for Civic Innovation at the Manhattan Institute, “Right Sizing Justice: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Imprisonment in Three States,” by Anne Morrison Piehl, Bert Useem and John J. DiIulio, Jr., September 1999 (http://manhattan-institute.org/html/cr_8.htm#h3). (Internet document.)
[47] Telephone interview with Montie Morgan, Jefferson County Drug Court, Beaumont, Texas, August 14, 2000.
[48] Criminal Justice Policy Council, Sourcebook of Texas Adult Justice Population Statistics, 1988-1998, p. 96.
[49] Criminal Justice Policy Council, Elderly Offenders in Texas Prisons, by Pablo Martinez, Eric Benson, Kim Harrison, Curt Lansing and Michelle Munson (Austin, Texas, January 1999), p. 7.
[50] Criminal Justice Policy Council, Elderly Offenders in Texas Prisons, p. i.
[51] “Nursing Homes With Bars; America’s Aging, Violent Prisoners,” New York Times (July 6, 1997), section 4, p. 3.
[52] Telephone interview with Pat Ottolini, director of nursing and field services, Connecticut Department of Corrections Health Services, Westerfield, Connecticut, February 23, 2000.
[53] D. Dwayne Simpson, Harry Wexler, and James Inciardi, “Introduction to the Special Issue: Drug Treatment Outcomes for Correctional Settings, Part 2,” The Prison Journal (December 1999), p. 292.
[54] David Farabee, Michael Prendergast, Jerome Cartier, and Harry Wexler, “Barriers to Implementing Effective Correctional Drug Treatment Programs” The Prison Journal (June 1999), p. 157; Matthew Hiller, Kevin Knight, D. Dwayne Simpson, “Prison-based Substance Abuse Treatment, Residential Aftercare and Recidivism,” Addiction (Volume 94(6), 1999), p. 839; National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Behind Bars: Substance Abuse and America’s Prison Population, Columbia University (New York, New York, January 1998), p. 12.
[55] Jim Krane, “Kids Likely To Follow Parents To Prison: Experts Warn of Trouble With Growing Incarceration Rate,” APB News (April 8, 1999) (http://www.apbnews.com/safetycenter/family/1999/04/08/children0408_01.html?s=syn.yahoo_prisoners0419). (Internet document.)
[56] Texas Education Agency, “Schools get $10.6 million for after-school programs to curb risky behavior,” Austin, Texas, November 29, 1999 (http://www.tea.state.tx.us/press/pr991129.html). (Internet document.)
[57] Texas Commission on Volunteerism and Community Service, “The Texas Pledge - Keeping America’s Promise” (September 1999) (http://www.txserve.org/cnctpts/local/pledge.html). (Internet document.)
[58] See (http://www.e-texas.org/pubsafe/meetings.html).
[59] Fax communication from Jodi Finley, project coordinator, Public Policy Department, National Office of Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Irving, Texas, July 10, 2000.
[60] US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “State Legislative Fact Sheet: Repeat Intoxicated Driver Laws” (Washington, DC, January 2000).
[61] Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Rating the States 2000 (http://www.madd.org/Pub_Pol/rts2000/rtsac.htm). (Internet document.)
[62] Mothers Against Drunk Driving, “Drunk Driving: An Unacknowledged Form of Child Endangerment,” by Janice Harris Lord (July 6, 2000) (http://www.madd.org/VICTIMS/child_endanger.shtml). (Internet document.)
[63] Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Rating the States 2000.
[64] Mothers Against Drunk Driving, MADD Statistics: DUI/DWI Arrests and Convictions (July 5, 2000). (http://www.madd.org/stats/stat_dui.shtml). (Internet document.)
[65] Telephone interview with Jodi Finley, project coordinator, Public Policy Department, National Office of Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Irving, Texas, July 10, 2000.
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